The Muslim Brotherhood (الإخوان المسلمون), traces its origins back to 1928 when Islamic scholar and teacher Hassan al-Banna founded the organization. Initially conceived as a Pan-Islamic, religious, and social movement, the Brotherhood expanded its influence globally, shaping various Islamist movements from charitable organizations to political parties.
From social cause to political engagement
Shifting from its early roots, the Brotherhood entered the political arena with a focus on ending British colonial control in Egypt. Over time, it evolved from a social movement to active political engagement, advocating for the establishment of a state governed by Sharia law under a caliphate. A prominent slogan that emerged during this period was "Islam is the solution," reflecting the organization's ideological stance.
While maintaining its charitable endeavors, the Muslim Brotherhood faced government crackdowns in Egypt, yet it endured and remained a significant force in Arab politics, particularly after the 1967 Six-Day War. The Arab Spring initially brought political power and legalization, notably in Egypt where the Brotherhood won elections, including the 2012 presidential election with Mohamed Morsi.
However, Morsi's overthrow led to the Brotherhood's ban and designation as a terrorist organization in Egypt. Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates followed suit, viewing the Brotherhood as a threat to their rule.
Shift of stance
In its early years, the group's founder endorsed political violence, and members conducted assassinations. Notably, thinker Sayyid Qutb promoted takfirism, influencing Jihadist movements. The Brotherhood renounced violence in the 1970s; however, its offshoot, Hamas, continues to engage in resistance and defense in the Gaza Strip, Palestine, actions that are considered violent by certain entities, particularly in the context of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
The Brotherhood claims to be a peaceful, democratic organization, disavowing violence, though critics argue otherwise. Ongoing debates surround the organization's historical stance and commitment to democratic values.
